Chapter 6 Notes
Earth is a peculiar planet:
- 4 unique characteristics
- Liquid Water, Life
-Life has a large effect on biogeochemical cycling.
-Plate tectonics
- Liquid Water, Life
-Life has a large effect on biogeochemical cycling.
-Plate tectonics
why does earth have life and not the near by planets?
The earth have life and not near by the planet because it has the right climate, water is abundant, and the air is breathable not like any other planet. The earth is unique in the Solar System that's the case of its difference to any other planet.
Rise of oxygen:
-Oceans were filled with dissolved iron.
-First it oxidized all the unoxidized iron.
-Early photosynthesis included stromatolites.
-2.3 billion years ago, that atmosphere was low in oxygen.
-Grains of pyrite in sedimentary rock.
-Photosynthesis.
-First it oxidized all the unoxidized iron.
-Early photosynthesis included stromatolites.
-2.3 billion years ago, that atmosphere was low in oxygen.
-Grains of pyrite in sedimentary rock.
-Photosynthesis.
Early organism on earth:
-Get energy from fermentation.
-Low energy yields to organisms.
-Waste products of carbon dioxide.
-Large cells with nucleaus and organelles.
-Prokaryotes
-Eukaryotes.
-Live singly or on end to end chains.
-Lacked organelles and a nucleus.
-Permits multi-cellular body structure of plants, animals, and fungi.
-Low energy yields to organisms.
-Waste products of carbon dioxide.
-Large cells with nucleaus and organelles.
-Prokaryotes
-Eukaryotes.
-Live singly or on end to end chains.
-Lacked organelles and a nucleus.
-Permits multi-cellular body structure of plants, animals, and fungi.
Evolution of biosphere:
-After the eukaryotes and oxygen everything started to evolve.
-Plants and animals also fungi evovled about in 700-500 million years ago.
-Continued to alter the biogeochemical cycles on Earth.
-Plants and animals also fungi evovled about in 700-500 million years ago.
-Continued to alter the biogeochemical cycles on Earth.
Life and global chemical cycles:
-Includes the "Big Six"
-too much of some elements that can be toxic.
-too little of some elements that can limit growth and development.
-Micronutrients: Elments required in small amounts by all life or moderate amounts by some forms of life.
- Macronutrients: 24 elements required by all organisms.
-Carbon
-Oxygen
-Hydrogen
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Sulfur
-Some elements are neutral for life.
-too much of some elements that can be toxic.
-too little of some elements that can limit growth and development.
-Micronutrients: Elments required in small amounts by all life or moderate amounts by some forms of life.
- Macronutrients: 24 elements required by all organisms.
-Carbon
-Oxygen
-Hydrogen
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Sulfur
-Some elements are neutral for life.
Biogeochemical cycles:
-Biogeochemical: Iis the complete path a chemical takes through the 4 major components of Earth's system.
-Atmosphere
-Hydrosphere
-Lithosphere
-Biosphere
-Most required nutrients.
-Life has altered biogeochemical cycles
-Some chemicals cycle quickly.
-Atmosphere
-Hydrosphere
-Lithosphere
-Biosphere
-Most required nutrients.
-Life has altered biogeochemical cycles
-Some chemicals cycle quickly.
Geologic Cycle:
- Rock/ soil
- Altered due to physical, chemical and biological process.
- Tectonic
-Hydrologic.
-Rock.
-Biogeochemical.
- Altered due to physical, chemical and biological process.
- Tectonic
-Hydrologic.
-Rock.
-Biogeochemical.
Tectonic Cycle:
-Creates and destroy lithosphere.
-100km thick
-Moves very slow
-Have large scale effects.
-Ecological island
-Areas of volcanic activity and earthquakes.
-100km thick
-Moves very slow
-Have large scale effects.
-Ecological island
-Areas of volcanic activity and earthquakes.
Types of plate boundaries:
Divergent: Tending to be different or develop in different directions.
Convergent: Coming closer together.
Transform: Make a thorough or dramatic change in the form, appearance.
Convergent: Coming closer together.
Transform: Make a thorough or dramatic change in the form, appearance.
Hydrologic Cycle
-Water from oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.
-It is driven by solar energy.
-Evaporation of water from ocean.
-97% in ocean
-2% in glaciers
-0.001% on the atmosphere
-0.999% on land.
-Water on earth is 1.3 billion
-At the regional and local level, the fundemental unit of the landscape in the drainage basin.
-Usually named for main stream or river.
-The area that contributes surface runoff to a particular stream or river, vary greatly in size.
-It is driven by solar energy.
-Evaporation of water from ocean.
-97% in ocean
-2% in glaciers
-0.001% on the atmosphere
-0.999% on land.
-Water on earth is 1.3 billion
-At the regional and local level, the fundemental unit of the landscape in the drainage basin.
-Usually named for main stream or river.
-The area that contributes surface runoff to a particular stream or river, vary greatly in size.
Rock cycle:
- Consists of numerous processes that produces rock and soils.
-Depend of the tectonic cycle for energy and the hydrologic cycle for water.
-Igneous
-Sedimentary
-Metamorphic
-Physical weathering produces sediment such as gravel, sand ,and silt.
-Chemical weathering occurs when weak acids in water dissolve chemicals from rocks.
-Depend of the tectonic cycle for energy and the hydrologic cycle for water.
-Igneous
-Sedimentary
-Metamorphic
-Physical weathering produces sediment such as gravel, sand ,and silt.
-Chemical weathering occurs when weak acids in water dissolve chemicals from rocks.
Carbon cycle:
-Carbon has a gas phase.
-Removed from the atmosphere by photosynethesis, then the carbon occurs in the ocean in several forms
-Dissolves CO2 it carbinates and bicarbonte
-Marine organisms and their products, Ca CO3
-Enters the ocean by simple diffusion then dissolves
-Transfer from land in rivers as dissolved carbon
-When the organisms die it decomposes which releases carbon.
-Then the carbon enters the biota through phtotsynethesis and then returned by respiration or fire
-Removed from the atmosphere by photosynethesis, then the carbon occurs in the ocean in several forms
-Dissolves CO2 it carbinates and bicarbonte
-Marine organisms and their products, Ca CO3
-Enters the ocean by simple diffusion then dissolves
-Transfer from land in rivers as dissolved carbon
-When the organisms die it decomposes which releases carbon.
-Then the carbon enters the biota through phtotsynethesis and then returned by respiration or fire
Carbon-Silicate Cycle:
-Cycling of carbon immediately involved with the cycling of sillcate.
-Releases Ca2+ and HCO3
-Shells deposited on sea floor become part of sed rock layer and return to.
-Affects the level of CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere.
-Weak carbonic acid falls as rain and weathers sillcate rick rocks.
-Releases Ca2+ and HCO3
-Shells deposited on sea floor become part of sed rock layer and return to.
-Affects the level of CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere.
-Weak carbonic acid falls as rain and weathers sillcate rick rocks.
Nitrogen Cycle:
-N essetinal to life because it is necessary for the production of protein and DNA.
-Free N2, makes up to 78% of the atmosphere
-Relatively unreactive element must be converted to NO3 or NH4+ , performed by bacteria.
-Some formed symbiotic relationship in the roots of plants or stomach on animals.
Industrial process can now convert molecule N into compounds usable by plants.
-Main components of N fertilizer
-N in agricultural runoff potential source of water pollution, N combines with O at high temperature
-Oxides of N a source of air pollution
-Nitrogen fixation
-Denitrification
-Free N2, makes up to 78% of the atmosphere
-Relatively unreactive element must be converted to NO3 or NH4+ , performed by bacteria.
-Some formed symbiotic relationship in the roots of plants or stomach on animals.
Industrial process can now convert molecule N into compounds usable by plants.
-Main components of N fertilizer
-N in agricultural runoff potential source of water pollution, N combines with O at high temperature
-Oxides of N a source of air pollution
-Nitrogen fixation
-Denitrification
The Phosphorus Cycle:
-P one of the "Big Six", required for life.
-Often a limting factor for plant and algal growth
-Does not have a gaseous phase
-Rate of transfer slow
-Enters biota through uptake as phosphate by plants,algae and some bacteria
-Returns to soil when plants die or is lost to oceans via runoff
-Guano deposits major source of P fertilizer.
-Often a limting factor for plant and algal growth
-Does not have a gaseous phase
-Rate of transfer slow
-Enters biota through uptake as phosphate by plants,algae and some bacteria
-Returns to soil when plants die or is lost to oceans via runoff
-Guano deposits major source of P fertilizer.