1: What makes the Zebra Mussel an invasive species?
The Zebra Mussel is an invasive species because population increasing in lakes.
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition:
Both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory:
One species benefits and the other is harmed.
* Mutualism:
Both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for in competition are food, space, mates, shelter, and sunlight.
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
One species completely excludes another species from using the resources.
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
Neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side.
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
The difference between fundamental and realized niche is that fundamental is an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources, and realized is the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. The species wouldn't fulfill its fundamental niche is because other species interactions.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One species is active at night, another in the daytime.
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
It help with the competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resources they use.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Process by which individuals of one species like predators capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species like prey.
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural Selection lead to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunter.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration:
Coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape
*Warning Coloration:
Conspicuous coloring that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous.
* Mimicry:
The action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
12: Define Parasitism:
The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage.
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The idea of "coevolution" is to hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations.
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory are chemicals such as toxic or distasteful parts.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
In exchange for the plant nectar, the animals pollinate plants, which allows them to reproduce.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy:
Certain plants release harmful chemicals.
* Commensalism:
A relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected.
* Facilitation:
Plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow.
17: What is a community of organisms?
Community of organisms is a interactions determine the structure, function, and species composition of the community.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
Autotrophs:
Organism that captue solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars.
Primary Consumers:
Organisms that consume producer.
Secondary Consumers:
Organism that prey on primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers:
Predators at the highest trophic level.
Omnivores:
Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores:
Scavenge waste products or dead bodies.
Decomposers:
Break down leaf litter and the other non-living material.
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy organisms use is lost as waste heat through respiration.
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller
than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
The difference between a food chain and a food web is that food chain includes many different organisms at all the various levels. For the food web it leaves out the majority of species.
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
Keystone species has a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance. When its removal of a keystone species it has substantial ripple effects.
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Trophic cascade predators at high trophic levels can indirectly affect populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
Invasive species is an non native organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community.
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
*Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soils
*Temperate rainforests: The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides.
*Tropical rainforests: Very poor, and acidic soils.
*Tropical dry forest: Erosion-prone soil.
* Desert: Saline soils.
*Tundra: Permafrost: permanently frozen soil.
*Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and acidic soil.
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain
Biomes and communities help us understand how the world functions and how species interactions affect communities for example, predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism.
The Zebra Mussel is an invasive species because population increasing in lakes.
2: Define the following species interactions:
* Competition:
Both species are harmed
* Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory:
One species benefits and the other is harmed.
* Mutualism:
Both species benefit
3: What are some of the resources that species compete for in competition?
The resources that species compete for in competition are food, space, mates, shelter, and sunlight.
4: Define Competitive Exclusion:
One species completely excludes another species from using the resources.
5: What must happen for species to co-exist?
Neither species fully excludes the other from resources, so both live side by side.
6: What is the difference between fundamental and realized niche? Explain why a species
wouldn’t fulfill its fundamental niche?
The difference between fundamental and realized niche is that fundamental is an individual fulfills its entire role by using all the available resources, and realized is the portion of the fundamental niche that is actually filled. The species wouldn't fulfill its fundamental niche is because other species interactions.
7: Give an example of resource partitioning:
One species is active at night, another in the daytime.
8: How does character displacement help with competition?
It help with the competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resources they use.
9: Explain how predator and prey populations depend on each other:
Process by which individuals of one species like predators capture, kill, and consume individuals of another species like prey.
10: How does Natural Selection strengthen population “fitness”?
Natural Selection lead to evolution of adaptations that make predators better hunter.
11: Define the following:
* Cryptic Coloration:
Coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape
*Warning Coloration:
Conspicuous coloring that warns a predator that an animal is unpalatable or poisonous.
* Mimicry:
The action or art of imitating someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
12: Define Parasitism:
The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage.
13: What is the idea of “coevolution”?
The idea of "coevolution" is to hosts and parasites become locked in a duel of escalating adaptations.
14: What are some plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory?
Plant adaptations that help to protect plants against herbivory are chemicals such as toxic or distasteful parts.
15: Explain how pollination is a form of mutualism:
In exchange for the plant nectar, the animals pollinate plants, which allows them to reproduce.
16: Define the following:
* Allelopathy:
Certain plants release harmful chemicals.
* Commensalism:
A relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other remains unaffected.
* Facilitation:
Plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow.
17: What is a community of organisms?
Community of organisms is a interactions determine the structure, function, and species composition of the community.
18: Draw a trophic level pyramid with the following terms/definitions (examples) below:
Autotrophs:
Organism that captue solar energy for photosynthesis to produce sugars.
Primary Consumers:
Organisms that consume producer.
Secondary Consumers:
Organism that prey on primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers:
Predators at the highest trophic level.
Omnivores:
Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores:
Scavenge waste products or dead bodies.
Decomposers:
Break down leaf litter and the other non-living material.
19: How is most energy lost in an ecosystem?
Most energy organisms use is lost as waste heat through respiration.
20: Explain why this statement is true: “ A human vegetarian’s ecological footprint is smaller
than a meat-eater’s footprint.”
21: What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
The difference between a food chain and a food web is that food chain includes many different organisms at all the various levels. For the food web it leaves out the majority of species.
22: What is a keystone species and what happens to an ecosystem when it gets removed?
Keystone species has a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance. When its removal of a keystone species it has substantial ripple effects.
23: What is a trophic cascade? Why is it important?
Trophic cascade predators at high trophic levels can indirectly affect populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check.
24: Communities of organisms respond to disturbances differently. Explain resistance and
resilience.
25: What is an invasive species? How do we control a species that has become invasive? (Name
several ways)
Invasive species is an non native organisms that spread widely and become dominant in a community.
26: What is happening with ecological restoration in the Florida Everglades?
27: Biomes: Name the type of SOILS in the following:
*Temperate deciduous forests: Fertile soils
*Temperate rainforests: The fertile soil is susceptible to erosion and landslides.
*Tropical rainforests: Very poor, and acidic soils.
*Tropical dry forest: Erosion-prone soil.
* Desert: Saline soils.
*Tundra: Permafrost: permanently frozen soil.
*Boreal forest (Taiga): Poor and acidic soil.
28: How do biomes change with altitude? Explain
Biomes and communities help us understand how the world functions and how species interactions affect communities for example, predation, parasitism, competition, mutualism.